Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. What's the reason women live longer than men? And how the advantage has grown in the past? We only have a few clues and the evidence is not sufficient to support a definitive conclusion. While we are aware that there are behavioral, biological and افضل كريم للشعر environmental factors that play an integral role in women's longevity more than men, we do not know how much each one contributes.

In spite of the amount of weight, we are aware that at a minimum, the reason why women live longer than men, but not in the past, has to do with the fact that a number of key non-biological factors have changed. What are these changing factors? Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Some are more complex. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. As you can see, every country is above the diagonal parity line - which means that in every country a newborn girl can expect to live for longer than a new boy.1

Interestingly, this chart shows that the advantage of women exists everywhere, the cross-country differences are large. In Russia, women live 10 years more than males. In Bhutan the gap is less that half a year.

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The advantage for women in life expectancy was smaller in the richer countries that it is today.
We will now examine the way that female advantages in terms of longevity has changed over time. The following chart shows the male and female lifespans at birth in the US during the time period between 1790 and 2014. Two points stand out.

First, there's an upward trend: Men and women in the US live a lot, much longer today than a century ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

There is an increasing gap: The female advantage in terms of life expectancy used be extremely small but it increased substantially during the last century.

You can verify that the points you've listed are applicable to other countries that have information by clicking on the "Change country" option on the chart. This includes the UK, France, and Sweden.